The Industrial Revolution transformed society with mechanization, urbanization, and mass production, influencing art movements that followed. Modernism emerged in response, embracing innovation and rejecting traditional norms. The avant-garde led this push for new artistic expressions. Impressionism, pioneered by Claude Monét and Edouard Manét, focused on capturing fleeting moments with light and color, often painted en plein air (outdoors). Manét’s Bar at the Folies-Bergère exemplifies the movement's modern urban themes. Post-Impressionism, led by Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Cézanne, built on Impressionist ideas but introduced stronger emotions and structure. Symbolists, like Paul Gauguin, rejected realism, favoring mysticism and imagination. Fauvism, championed by artists such as Henri Matisse, used intense colors for emotional impact. Cubism, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, fragmented reality into geometric forms, as seen in Picasso’s Guernica, a powerful anti-war statement. Surrealism, inspired by dreams and the unconscious, included artists like René Magritte, Salvador Dalí, and Francis Picabia. Art evolved into representational and non-representational forms. Walter Benjamin explored art in the age of mechanical reproduction, analyzing its cultural impact. Clement Greenberg, an art critic, championed Abstract Expressionism, which emerged in postwar America with artists like Jackson Pollock, known for his dynamic drip paintings. Abstract art, removing recognizable imagery, became a dominant 20th-century movement. Finally, Contemporary art continues Modernist explorations, integrating technology, new media, and conceptual ideas, constantly redefining artistic boundaries.
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